I did a test on it, the pics are up now...
I didn't measure it, but scientifically calibrated eyeball tells me this is about 4" of material in the bottom of a 20 gallon trash can.
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And this is what made it past the cyclone and into the vac.

I have found that using the separator for vacuming larger debris can be somewhat problematic though. The screws that hold the hose couplers in don't exactly play nice with stringy debris as they hang onto it and end up jamming the inlet, AND... The elbow that I used, a 2" that was slipped through and hog glued into place jams up incoming air. So I am considering this one my first prototype. On to take #2. with the following changes.
#1. Mount the elbow the "right" direction unless I just want to be the odd man out...
#2. Hot glue the hose connectors in place.
#3. Use a 2.5" elbow modified via my oscillating belt sander to fit flush to the lid, and hot glue it inside the lid so that nothing "hits" the end of the elbow. The elbow will not slip through the plywood, but rather glue up right against it.
#4. Relieve the top edge of the incoming air hole to reduce air resistance. Probably use a rasp for this. It doesn't have to be pretty, just functional.
Actually, I have tested using it as a shop vac, as well as on the table saw, jointer, and oscillating sander, it works very well EXCEPT when shop vacuming. The debris that made it to the can I am almost certain is because of larger debris getting caught up by the elbow and screwing up the air flow...
My take #2 will be on the 20 gallon can, and once that is done, and working to my satisfaction, I am going to build take #3, which should be my final model, after discussing this with Phil, I am planning on setting this up for a 55 gallon barrel.
I should have mentioned, this earlier. Once the final setup is done, I am planning on building a shelf for the vac, that the pickup hose will route through to the can. This way I can stack them. The vac will be operated by a remote. This is really being done more for the fact that the framing will give me half of the framing I will need to build shelves next to the unit, where I can store stuff. It's all about organization in a small shop you know!